Dentist Career Essay -- miscellaneuos

Dental specialist Career Dentistry is a profession in medicinal services that works in the mouth. Dental specialists are prepared to analyze, forestall, and treat different issues related with teeth and mouth tissue. It is the activity of the dental specialist to be completely mindful of various sorts of dental issues and have the option to perceive those issues through investigating x-beams, just as visual variety between singular mouths. The essential focal point of dental consideration is to instruct avoidance to its patients of how to forestall gum ailment, tooth misfortune, and so forth. It is the activity of the dental specialist to intently screen the mouth utilizing different instruments and to appropriately propose treatment relying upon the conclusion. All dental specialists experience at any rate eight years of tutoring after secondary school and gain a degree when all is said in done dentistry this comprises of four years of undergrad function just as at any rate four years in dental school. So as to apply to a dental school a forthcoming understudy must take a placement test known as the Dental Admission Test or DAT. The acknowledgment procedure into dental school is exceptionally particular and comprises of numerous parts. Alongside the DAT one should likewise present an application with a paper and experience a thorough meeting. When acknowledged into a school an individual will get a degree by and large dentistry through the span of four years. Dental schools offer either a degree known as Doctor of Dental Surgery (DDS) or a degree known as Doctor of Dental Medicine (DMD). Every degree is comparable to the next. An individu...

Cosmos Episode 13 Viewing Worksheet

Universe Episode 13 Viewing Worksheet As an educator, I am consistently keeping watch for extraordinary science recordings to show my classes. I utilize these either as an enhancement to help upgrade a subject we are learning or once in a while as a prize for the understudies on a film day. They additionally prove to be useful when I need to get ready for a substitute educator to assume control over my classes for a day. It isnt in every case simple to discover something pertinent, instructive, and engaging. Fortunately, Fox brought back the Cosmos arrangement and refreshed it utilizing the amazing Neil deGrasse Tyson as host. I currently have an entire arrangement of remarkable science shows to show the understudies. Nonetheless, I have to ensure the understudies comprehend and retain the material. The following is a lot of inquiries for Cosmos Episode 13, entitled Unafraid of the Dark,â that can be duplicate and glued (and afterward changed as essential) into a worksheet. It tends to be utilized as a note taking aide while watching the show, or thereafter as a sort of test or casual assessment.â Universe Worksheet Sampleâ Universe Episode 13 Worksheet                         Name:______________ Headings: Answer the inquiries as you watch scene 13 of Cosmos: A Spacetime Odysseyâ 1. Who is the city of Alexandria in Egypt named after? 2. Why were all ships that arrived in the port at Alexandria looked? 3. What are 2 things Neil deGrasse Tyson says that the administrator Eratosthenes did during his lifetime? 4. What number of parchments were evaluated to be kept in the library at Alexandria?â 5. What three landmasses were on the absolute first globe?â 6. What did Victor Hess find was noticeable all around when he did his arrangement of investigations in his tourist balloon?â 7. How did Victor Hess decide radiation noticeable all around was not originating from the Sun?â 8. Where did the enormous beams truly originate from? 9. Who does Neil deGrasse Tyson call â€Å"the most splendid man you’ve never heard of†?â 10. What is a supernova?â 11. What were the â€Å"shrunken stars† called?â 12. What does Neil deGrasse Tyson state is what he cherishes most about science? 13. What did Fritz Zwicky find odd about the Coma Cluster of systems? 14. For what reason does Mercury travel a lot quicker than Neptune? 15. What irregular thing did Vera Rubin find about the Andromeda Galaxy? 16. For what reason can you not tell how close a supernova depends on its splendor alone? 17. What are the sorts of supernovas that have a consistent splendor called?â 18. What did space experts find about the universe in 1998? 19. What year were Voyagers I and II propelled? 20. What is Jupiter’s red spot?â 21. Which of Jupiter’s moons has more water (caught under ice) than Earth?â 22. How quick are the breezes on Neptune? 23. What is shot out of the fountains on Neptune’s moon Titan?â 24. What befalls the heliosphere when the sun powered breeze quiets down? 25. When was the last time the heliosphere fell right back to the Earth? 26. How did researchers decide the age of the iron left on the Earth’s sea floor by a supernova? 27. What does Neil deGrasse Tyson call the â€Å"common unit of time† that is demonstrated on the Voyagers I and II that will be utilized to speak with extraterrestrials? 28. What are three things remembered for the record put on Voyagers I and II? 29. What supercontinent made up all the land on Earth a billion years ago?â 30. What planet did Neil deGrasse Tyson state the Earth presumably resembled a billion years ago?â 31. What might the pioneer creatures on the planet sea before long advance into on Earth a billion years prior? 32. What number of circles around the focal point of our cosmic system will the Sun have made one billion years later? 33. What does Carl Sagan call the Earth when it is seen from space? 34. What are the 5 basic guidelines that Neil deGrasse Tyson says every extraordinary scientist acknowledge? 35. How has science been abused?

Sports Sociology from a feminist point of view

Sports Sociology from a women's activist perspective Ladies investment in sports has a history set apart by division and disparity. Be that as it may, ladies have encounters significant achievements by female competitors assisting with gaining huge ground for sexual orientation balance and the strengthening of ladies. The paper will clarify a portion of the recorded improvements concerning diverse hypothetical point of view of women's liberation, for example, liberal, radical and communist feminisms. It will likewise basically talk about feminisms and how female are abused by man controlled society. Woman's rights is a dynamic, assorted and frequently clashing assortment of social hypotheses and good methods of reasoning (Burke, 2008). It is like Marxism in light of the fact that both are political hypotheses that were create to unravel the disparity, misuse and neediness in the public eye. While Marxism is to a great extent propelled by the battle of social class, woman's rights centers around the encounters of ladies, especially as far as their political, social and affordable disparities. One forthcoming of women's liberation centers around looking for no specific benefits yet only interest that everybody get equivalent political, affordable and social thought without segregation based on sex (Adkins, 2004). Another contradicting kind of current woman's rights, restricts existing political and social foundation when all is said in done on the grounds that its attached to a male ruled society. Along these lines, women's liberation has no single, all inclusive structure that sp eaks to all women's activists. The ascent of women's liberation development can be partitioned into three waves. The principal wave started in the late 1800s to mid 1900s alluding predominantly to the sculpture of ladies in family and permitting womens option to cast a ballot known as the testimonial development. The subsequent wave alludes to the activity of the womens freedom development starting in the mid 1950s which battled for social and legitimate fairness for ladies. The third wave women's liberation started during the 1990s and grasped struggle, inconsistencies and suited decent variety and change. Influxes of Feminism The floods of woman's rights are an authentic movement in every wave has bringing an expanding of force that conveyed ladies closer to equity in the public arena. The early development has come to known as the first wave which was set up in Quite a while and United Kingdom around the late 1800s to mid 1900s. They major concerned was to help advance ladies balance in instruction, work and property rights. In any case, before the finish of the nineteenth century, numerous women's activist, for example, Susan B. Anthony and Lucy Stone battled to acquire political force for ladies; especially the privilege of womens testimonial. Lady had accomplishment because of the first World War happen meaning ladies supplanted men in regular citizen work-power and furthermore served in the military help jobs. Women's activist likewise had huge achievement in changes in training, and expanding access to various calling and in medicinal services. It is viewed as that the principal wave arrived at end when the Nineteenth Amendment to the Constitution was passed empowering ladies the option to cast a ballot (Lee Ling, 2001). The movement of first-wave women's liberation was huge; in any case, without the continuation of the second-wave, feminisms would not be as advance all things considered in current occasions (would u be able to think about another way can say that), for each wave is interrelated and subject to every others history. In the mid 1960s Second Wave of women's liberation developed. Second-wave centers was more extensive than the principal wave. It was worried on imbalances, for example, the financial opportunity, the rights for female to have premature birth, equivalent and openness to certain male overwhelmed foundation, for example, sports. It likewise started to challenge the mastery of man controlled society and sex disparity in all perspectives. In 1963 A Feminist named Betty Friedan advertised a milestone book called The Feminine Mystique. This book would be a urgent crossroads throughout the entire existence of second wave women's liberation. The book give an understanding on how upper to white collar class ladies felt disappointed about their limited open door throughout everyday life (Changfoot, 2002). Friedan before long got one of the main women's activist in the Second wave, and inevitably settled the National Organization for Women, whose intention was to elevate sex fairness and to secu re and bolster ladies rights. Maybe probably the greatest accomplishment of Second Wave Feminism was in the United States by the entry of Title IX (Ackerly Attanasi, 2006). This empowered ladies to approach instruction, especially in college and expert schools. What's more, crafted by these women's activists permit work openings that before had been restricted to men available to ladies. The Third Wave of woman's rights that developed during the 1990s is as yet current right up 'til today. Like all woman's rights, the third wave centers around the social, financial, political and individual strengthening of ladies, however this contrast to pervious waves since it concerns were more on the individual strengthening of ladies and less on activism. Ferguson (2002) remarked on the third wave as another bearing for woman's rights to celebrates womens journey to fabricate important personalities in a mind boggling contemporary world (p2). Third wave women's activists praise decent variety not at all like past waves and the Womens Liberation Movement; it was regularly censured for concentrating too barely on the occasions of working class, Caucasian and hetero ladies. Third wave women's activists don't dismiss political activism, yet the accentuation depends more on ladies individual strengthening as an underlying point for cultural change. Zinn and Dill (2005) propose there are various frameworks of mastery that make disparity for ladies known as a lattice of control. Women's activist speculations Woman's rights is certifiably not a brought together or a basic way of thinking. Numerous ladies and man view themselves as women's activists; the vast majority of their philosophy may shift significantly. The women's activist speculations expect to comprehend the idea of sexual orientation imbalance, advancing womens rights, while for the most part giving a scrutinize of social relations. This article will concentrate on looking a liberal, communist and radical woman's rights. Liberal women's liberation is portrayed on the accentuation of needing the two sexes to be equivalent inside society. As per the hypothesis, society itself needn't bother with a significant upset, but instead suggest that laws should be changed and openings which empower all the more accessibly for ladies to get equivalent in the public eye. To a liberal women's activist, proof of progress happens when various ladies acquire positions past involved by men, especially top of the line positions. In the United Kingdom and the major of the Western world, liberal women's liberation is the most well-known type of woman's rights. Hurricane, (2009) contends that regardless of whether ladies are not, at this point dependent upon men, they will in any case should be administered by a male centric state. Radical Feminist contends institutional changes, for example, the presentation of womens testimonial are lacking to liberate ladies. Interestingly communist women's liberation stresses that uniformity for ladies won't be accomplish without a huge change inside society essentially financial change additionally communist women's activists center around aggregate change and strengthening. Like Marxism, communist women's activists contend that there are essential imbalances worked in to an industrialist society since capital and force are shared inconsistent. Subsequently, it not adequate enough for ladies to accomplish amazing situations in the public arena, however force and capital should be circulated similarly (Fleck, 2004). Pundit contends that communist woman's rights nor is progressive nor sufficiently radical to produce an answer for the trouble for ladies monetary and social abuse. Another contention isn't all male and female connections are described by abuse and mistreatment. Radical women's liberation is centers around man controlled society and the arrangement of intensity that sorts out society. It is like communist woman's rights as in it accentuates the requirement for extreme social change for ladies to genuinely have correspondence. Radical women's activists accept that society is generally man centric, and accordingly establishes that ladies are abused. An analysis for radical women's liberation is it concentrates much on the male controlled society and need to consider the ideas, for example, ethnicity, religion and social class. Another analysis is converse separation when ladies pushed unjustifiably into senior position. Woman's rights in sports Womens cooperation in sports has risen essentially in the twentieth century, especially in the last quarter. It this halfway because of the adjustments in present day social orders that support sexual orientation equality. While the degree of cooperation execution despite everything changes relying upon the nation and by sport. Despite the fact that there has been numerous improvement in the availability in sport numerous women's activist contend, that sports has been socially built hyper manly, in this manner it has been increasingly restricted to men. Vale, (1998) discovered proof to help this by taking a gander at the mind blowing protection from remembered ladies for specific mens organizations. Augusta National is the golf club which is additionally home to the Masters Tournament which doesn't permit ladies individuals to join. At the point when ladies have attempted to join the club or have made dissent outside the parameter, the response from the club has boarded on antagonist ic vibe. As an outcomes Vale, (1996) question if sport is so valuable for men, for what reason do men and establishment, hold such impervious to offer all that is acceptable in game to ladies. Radical women's liberation have reprimanded the male centric society on how they depict ladies in sports. For instance Sports Illustrated depicts ladies by presents belittling generalizations of female sexuality, urging men to see ladies as sex objects and by transforming voyeurism into a game.

Principle Of Sacraments - Free Essay Example

1. QUESTION 1 The Principle of Sacramentality can best be defined if the words encompassing it are first described. The phrase sacramentality originated from a Latin word Sacramentum, which is a direct translation of the Greek word mysterion, which in English means mystery. The Principle of Sacramentality is, therefore, an instrument of reality that signifies the presence of Gods activity in any sacred undertaking of humankind (Sherry, 2008). The Principle of Sacramentality is as God himself gave humans the son who is God, and He was born as a human being. God, became man through his son, was born of the blessed Mary, and was raised up as a man on the earth. The Principle of Sacramentality indicates that God is seen, heard and touched in the human living perspective since He became human through Jesus (Sherry, 2008). The Church conducts different rituals that enable the invisible presence of God to grow tangible in various ways for the believers to have a unique encounter with God in their lives (Cooke, 2004). According to the Catholic Church, the Principle of Sacramentality is the way in which God expresses his invisible grace to Christians using signs and action. For instance, in the sacrament of Baptism, the water is used as a sign of Gods grace of washing away the sins. This washing shows that for the Christians to experience the cleansing of sins, they have to encounter with God through the sign of water, which is poured on them (Beguerie Duchesneau, 1997). 2. QUESTION 2 The Church as a whole has three sacraments of initiation. Baptism is the first of the initiation sacraments the others being The Eucharist and Confirmation. The Baptism is taken to introduce a new member to the church. It all marks the entry of one into the church community. It is a welcome of one into godly life (Cooke, 2004). Baptism Marks the end of sins and thus the beginning of a new life in God. Baptism pardons Christian their sins and gives them the dignity to be called Gods children (John3; 5). Confirmation is the time one is filled with the Holy Spirit. It is time for one to take on Gods image (Luke 24; 49). Eucharist is about a Christian are transformed in the flesh all through to their everlasting life (1 Corinthians 11:23-25). Jesus Christ was the first one to institute sacraments since He gave His disciples some directives to follow in the way of Christianity. Such directives were confined to the establishment of sacraments. He said to His chosen disciples, to travel far and wide making disciples, teaching all those who believe and ultimately baptizing them in the name of the supreme trinity (Matthew 27:19). On the night before He died, He instituted the sacrament of Eucharist, the last supper. He took the bread, he blessed it, broke it and gave to His disciples as He uttered; This is my body, and this is the chalice of my blood, do this in remembrance of me (Mark 14:22-25). This practice gave the priests the power to consecrate the Eucharist, which is practiced today. It is all about confirmation of the ways of Christ and nothing less than doing what Jesus Christ set the disciples to do. It is also giving out to God the best regarding service to others. 3. QUESTION3 Following the New Testament, baptism is an event that was practiced right from the time of John the Baptist to the present day. It is considered as a sacred ritual and one that stands out wholly for the believers as far as a cleansing of ones sins is concerned. The Baptism is also understood as a time for the welcoming of the new church members into the faith. It all marks the entry of one into the church community. Therefore, Baptism cannot be complete without the association of water which is believed to wash away the sins and act as a regenerator to the renewal of the Christian faith by the installation of Holy Spirit into ones soul (Luke 3:21). From the Christian perspective, the Sacrament of Baptism is the basis of the completely Christian life. It is a welcome of one into godly life Baptism Marks the end of sins and thus the beginning of a new life in God (Luke 2:21). The word Baptism originated from a Greek word baptizo in which it means to immerse. Water is seen as a purifier and a source of life and light as it nourishes the life of all living creatures even plants. This pathway directs anyone who seeks to be a true believer. It is through Baptism that all believers are freed from their sins and are born again as true children of God and joined the army of Christ (Mark 1:10). The Church has a firm position on the Sacrament of Baptism as it is from it that new disciples are created just as it was ordered by Christ.(Matthew 13:16). Initially, during the creation, the man had the nature of God, but after falling into sin, man was separated from Gods character. This state left man a sinner. The Sacrament of Baptism was consequently introduced to reconcile the human with God. Jesus instituted this sacrament for every soul after paying for the original sin on the cross. In addition, the disciples were commanded to go all over the world preaching the word, and those who believe and are baptized will be saved (Mark 16; 15-16) Baptism is understood as a fundamental sacrament that any Christian qualifies to take in any stage in life as long as one decides to be the church member, apart from it being the first of all the seven sacraments. This is because no one can receive any of the six sacraments unless one is Baptized (Sherry, 2008). Baptism is equally vital for ones salvation. Scripture confirms that it is only through baptism of water and that of the spirit that one has a place in Gods kingdom (John3; 6). 4. QUESTION 4 Confirmation is also identified a spiritual strengthening sacrament and was instituted to witness the true character of Christ. Jesus told the disciples not to leave Jerusalem until they receive the Holy Spirits power that will help them to be his witness all over the world (Luke 24; 49). Confirmation by Holy oil helps in increasing the sanctifying grace in Christians life as well as enabling them to remain spiritually alive. It is through Confirmation that the Christians can resist sin and become more like Christ (Cooke, 2004). The Sacrament of Confirmation is associated with light just as the Sacrament of Baptism is related to water (History Development of Sacrament of Confirmation, 2017). During the ceremony of Confirmation, some rituals accompany it, which is believed to be the qualification for one to be crowned entirely. Confirmation enables the Christian to be like Christ the king in leadership and directing others. Therefore, the Christians use the Sacrament of Confirmation in spreading their faith as well as defending it (Cooke, 2004). The anointing ritual is the last one during this ceremony where anointing oil is smeared on the forehead of the confirmed. The oil smeared on the forehead of the established, therefore, shows that one has been chosen by God to be His child and he should follow the Gods teachings (1st Samuel 16:13). 5. QUESTION 5 The presence of Christ in the Sacrament of Eucharist is different from the presence of Christ in other sacraments. This is because in other sacrament Christ is present by his power but not in reality as in the body and blood. As a result, while partaking the Eucharist Christians do not only participate in the bread and wine but Christ in a person who is the food of eternal life. During Eucharist, the Catholics worship Christ, whom they supposed to be present in the sacramental bread and blood. This shows that the bread is not a mere symbol of Christ, but Christ is substantially present in it (Billy Keating, 2006). Those who have been initiated participate with others in the whole community in the Lords sacrifice using the Eucharist. It originated from the act of Christ in the Last Supper before his betrayal.Christ established the Eucharist of the sacrifice of His own body and blood. He did it to bring forth an eternal sacrifice that will be a sign of love, unity, resurrection and act as a memory of the journey of salvation that he underwent (Matthew 26:26-28). The Eucharist summarizes our faith because we believe that Christ hang dead on the cross for our redemption. He gave His body for persecution for our sake and shed his blood for the redemption of our lost souls. This body is symbolized by the bread and blood changed from wine when the priest consecrates them when he says; This is my body and the chalice of my blood. (1st Corinthians 11:23). 6. QUESTION 6 The other name of Penance is Confession and Reconciliation. In this Sacrament, Christians are expected to confess their sin and return to God from their astray. The critical element of this sacrament is the act of confessing individuals sins to the priest. The Catholic Church has given the Christians a way to reconcile with their creator (Cooke, 2004). Christ as a sign of love and mercy instituted the Sacrament of Penance. What the signs of the Sacrament symbolize however is a more profound, mysterious, religious and spiritual state or level of being. At a sacred level, the Sacrament of Penance offers the opportunity for Christian to heal their relationship with God by obtaining forgiveness for their sins. It makes Jesus present and can change our lives as we come to know how God loves us. Signs, which accompany the Sacrament of Penance, are not just empty symbols; they convey something else, which draws humans into reality they portray. The priest utters that, your sins are forgiven (Luke 5:20). The signs embraced during this Sacrament of Penance reinforce the density of the forgiveness attained. Therefore, the Penance that we seek is to strengthen our faith. References Beguerie, P., Duchesneau, C. (1997). How to understand the sacraments. New York: Crossroad. Billy, D. J., Keating, J. (2006). The way of mystery: The Eucharist and moral living. New York: Paulist Press. Cooke, B. J. (2004). Sacraments sacramentality. Mystic, CT: Twenty-Third Publications. History Development of Sacrament of Confirmation. (2017). Loyolapress.com. Retrieved 15 July 2017, from https://www.loyolapress.com/our-catholic-faith/sacraments/confirmation/history-and-development-of-sacrament-of-confirmation. Sherry, P. (2008). The Sacramentality of Things. New Black friars, 89(1023), 575-590.

Biotechnological innovations and Patent Law - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 12 Words: 3479 Downloads: 3 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Law Essay Type Narrative essay Tags: Innovation Essay Did you like this example? The issue of biotechnological innovations in many respects represents a substantial challenge to law.[1] The provisions in the European Patent Convention 2000(EPC) and the Biotech Directive are lacking in managing this challenge, in light of the fact that they are vague and cant be utilized to reject indecent advancements. Opinions on patents in the field of biotechnology are divided, with support for unfettered scientific progress at one end of the spectrum and a commitment to uphold the basic values of society at the other. Where many see an important contribution to social progress, others are concerned about potential risks and ethical questions.[2] This note will critically analyse the statement by looking deep into patent laws and their interpretation by European Patent Office (EPO). Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Biotechnological innovations and Patent Law" essay for you Create order First, this text will define à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Biotechnologyà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  and label the provisions of EPC and the Biotech Directive dealing with biotechnology. Moreover the text will discuss briefly how morality influences the patent rights that are granted to biotech inventions. Furthermore some cases showing the uncertainties and controversies (arouses out while interpreting and imposing provisions of EPC and The directive) will also be highlight, proving the provisions of EPC and bio directive are unclear and not even able to identify weather an inventions is immoral. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Biotechnologyà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  means any technological application that uses biological systems, living organisms, or derivatives thereof, to make or modify products or processes for specific use.[3] According to the European Patent Convention (EPC), biotechnological inventions are inventions which concern a product consisting of or containing biological material or a process by means of which biolog ical material is produced, processed or used.[4] To be patentable, biotechnological inventions have to meet the same criteria as those in any other field of technology. Patents can only be granted for inventions that are new, involve an inventive step and are susceptible of industrial application[TM1]. A specific legal definition of novelty has developed over the years, with new meaning made available to the public[TM2]. This means, for example, that a human gene, which existed before but was hidden from the public in the sense of having no recognised existence, can be patented when it is isolated from its environment or when it is produced by means of a technical process and as long as its industrial application is disclosed in the patent application[TM3]. All other requirements of patentability must also be fulfilled[TM4]. While biotechnological inventions are in principle patentable, due to the nature of biotechnology and its ethical implications there are specific rules wh ich apply when considering the patentability of an invention in this field.[5] Articles 52 and 53 of EPC say what can and cant be patented. Biotechnological developments are essentially patentable. Nonetheless, no European patent can be allowed for any of the accompanying: Any invention whose commercial exploitation would be contrary to à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“ordre public or moralityà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ .[6] Plant and animal varieties.[7] Essentially biological processes for the production of plants and animals,[8] i.e. classical breeding comprising crossing and selection. Methods for treatment of the human or animal body by surgery or therapy, and diagnostic methods practised on the human or animal body.[9] Discoveries (e.g. the mere discovery of natural substances, such as the sequence or partial sequence of a gene) are not patentable. However, if an inventor provides a description of the technical problem they are intended to solve and a technical teaching they move from being a discovery to being a patentable invention.[10] Here, Article 52 of the EPC defines patentability in the European Community.'[11] Specifically, Article52(1) states that European patents shall be granted for any inventions which are susceptible of industrial application, which are new, and which involve an inventive step.[12] Subsequent provisions of the EPC narrow the broad language of potential patentability declared in Article 52(1). First, the EPC details with some clarity matter which does not have a sufficient inventive step to be patentable. Such materials include mathematical models, aesthetic creations, and presentations of information.[13] Next, categorical exclusions from the general rule of patentability are listed under Article 53.[14] Particularly relevant to this discussion, Article 53(b) excludes plant or animal varieties and essentially biological processes from patentability.[15] However, in contrast to the foregoing explanation of matter not rising to the level of an invention under Article 52, the terms variet ies or essentially biological are not defined under Article 53 or elsewhere in the EPC.[16] While the Guidelines for Examination of Patents (Guidelines) issued by the EPO attempt to define these terms,[17] However the Guidelines are not binding on the member states.[18] Thus, a lack of uniformity in patent protection among member states is distinctly possible under the existing definitional system.[19] In addition to the ambiguities surrounding the key definitions discussed above, the Article 53 exclusions from patentability are problematic with regard to biotechnological patents for several reasons. First, as noted by the European Parliament (Parliament), the patent system, when applied to living matter, must be adapted to the problems linked to the special nature of such matter.à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ [20] In light of changing technology, the ECs international competitors have explicitly declared living matter and even animals to be patentable and have enacted special rules to deal wit h problems unique to patenting living matter.[21] However, under Article 53 of the EPC, only microbiological inventions[22] can be patented.[23] Some member states have responded to the inadequacies of the outdated EPC provisions in this area by enacting national laws to deal specifically with biotechnology.[24] Second, the interpretation of the plant and animal varieties exclusion may be problematic. The basis of this exclusion was that,under the International Convention for the Protection of New Varieties of Plants (UPOV), another method exists besides patenting through which to obtain legal protection for plant varieties. The Convention declared that plant varieties were entitled either to a special title of protection or to a patent, but not both.[25] Unlike plants, however, animals do not have protection outside the scope of the EC patent system, under the UPOV or any other convention. Nonetheless, this exclusionary provision was invoked in the HARVARD/Onco-mouse decision by the Examining Division, which considered the Onco-mouse to be a type of animal variety.[26] The member states of the EC also have inadequate guidance on patenting biotechnological inventions because of inconsistent EPO decisions. Two prior decisions by the EPO Technical Board of Appeal indicate a proatent protection attitude[27] and seem initially to forecast fundamental change to the patent system.[28] In the Hybrid Plants/LUBRIZOL decision, the Technical Board of Appeal narrowly construed one of the stated exceptions to the general rule of patentability.[29] Also, in the CIBAIn the Article 53(b) exclusion clause and held that no general exclusion of inventions in the sphere of animate nature could be inferred from the EPC.[30] In HARVARD/Onco-mouse, however, the Examining Division initially refused to construe Article 53(b) narrowly and thus broke with the preceding opinions on the basis that there was different legislative intent behind the provision for plant and animal varieties.[31] The Appeals Board disagreed and noted that any such exception must, as repeatedly pointed out by the Boards of Appeal, be narrowly construed.[32] Because of HARVARD/Onco-mouse, the interpretation of Article 53(b) is unsettled.[33] In addition, by introducing Article 53(a) as a consideration in its patentability decision, the Examining Division thus set forth another consideration for member states to apply when determining patentability without any guidance other than the dicta from the HARVARD/Onco-mouse decision itself.This environment of inconsistent EPO case law may have a chilling effect on commercial biotechnology-a field where the economic incentive of the patent system is necessary to stimulate biotechnology research and development. This is true because biotechnology research is very expensive.[34] On the other hand, beside all these circumstances , in Europe, a debate on biotechnology patents started in the late 1980s with the aim of clarifying the dis tinction between what is patentable and what is not, and harmonising EU member states laws in this area. This led to the adoption on 6 July 1998 of EU Directive 98/44/EC on the legal protection of biotechnological inventions. The directive has been implemented by all EU member states. As early as 1999, the EPC contracting states decided to incorporate the directive as secondary legislation into the Implementing Regulations to the EPC. Together with the EPC articles on substantive patent law, these rules now provide the basis for deciding on the patentability of biotechnology applications at the EPO. The incorporation of the EU directive into the EPC strengthened the practice of the EPO in biotechnology, whilst putting greater focus on ethical considerations. [35] Though the Directive only lists four specific types of invention as being unpatentable on moral grounds ((i) processes for cloning human beings,[36](ii) processes for modifying the germ line genetic identity of human bei ngs,[37] (iii) uses of human embryos for industrial or commercial purposes,[38] (iv)processes for modifying the genetic identity of animals which are likely to cause them suffering without any substantial medical benefit to man or animal, and also animals resulting from such processes.[39])It also confirms that elements of the human body, such as genes, can be patentable when isolated from the human body.[40]The Directive basically settled a lot of the ethical debates about patentability of biotech inventions in Europe.[41] On the other hand discussing about immoral inventions it can be taken into consideration that the moral concerns currently raised in conjunction with biotechnology patents are misplaced because they stem from a lack of understanding of the patent system. A patent system is not a means of safeguarding the public interest. It is primarily a commercial and industrial tool that encourages innovation, divorced from social and moral concerns.[42] Because a patent gr ant affords a limited commercial monopoly to use only what is already in existence, the grant of a patent is not an ethical event.[43] Instead, it is the regulatory system of a given nation that monitors social concerns as it implements general legislation-concerns which frequently encompass ethics and morality.[44]Thus, a patent makes the existing research on genetic engineering open and available to the public, which, in turn, permits public monitoring of genetic engineering.[45] In the context of the FDA decision on genetically engineered foods,[46] it was noted that genetic technology is too promising, to dismiss it out of a free-floating mistrust. If the public understood the technology, they would understand that part of their emotional reaction is irrational.à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ [47] It is evident, then, that ethical concerns raised about the patent system reflect concerns about biotechnology itself rather than the grant of the patent for that biotechnology. Ethical issues assoc iated with patents are inappropriately channeled fears of insufficient regulation.[48] Nevertheless, the patent system has become another arena for the campaigns of the Green Party, environmental groups, and animal rights activists to try to regulate science and technology.[49] In fact, biological patents have been granted routinely since the 1800s,[50] but ethical concerns did not enter the realm of the patent system until genetic engineering blossomed. Public concern over patenting biotechnology may reflect a public reaction to the scope and sophistication of genetic engineering involved in biotechnology due to misperceptions and unfounded fearof genetic engineering. This is illustrated by a series of decisions in the Europe. In 1970, the German Supreme Court allowed a living organism to be patented in the Red Dove case.[51] That case preceded the development of genetic engineering and was not followed by any significant public controversy. [52]However, following the advent o f genetic engineering the 1980 United States Supreme Court holding in Chakrabarty, which paralleled the Red Dove decision in principle by holding genetically engineered bacteria to be patentable, was followed by a public debate over the morality of patenting living matter.[53] Then, in 1987 the United States Board of Patent Appeals and Interferences determined in Ex Parte Allen that higher life forms, such as oysters, were patentable.[54] That decision triggered significantly more controversy [55]than a typical Board decision.[56] Finally, the 1987 PTO decision to allow genetically engineered animals such as the Onco-mouse to be patented stimulated tremendous controversy.[57] This litany indicates that debate over patenting biotechnology has sharpened with the sophistication and use of biotechnology despite the fact that the underlying scientific principles and patent procedures remain the same. There is a distinct paucity of case law that discusses ethical issues as a preclus ion to patentability. This is the case even in the EPO decisions despite the existence of Article 53(a), which explicitly allows a consideration of ethics for patentability. The EPO Guidelines indicate that Article 53(a) is to be invoked only in rare and extreme cases[58] and is aimed at preventing extreme situations such as riots and criminal behavior[59]The lack of discussion prior to HARVARD/Onco-mouse may indicate that ethics were generally not considered in patenting decisions. In fact, the Examining Division initially stated in HARVARD/Onco-mouse that it does not consider patent law an appropriate legislative tool and therefore declined to rule under Article 53(a).[60] To a limited extent, the EPO Guidelines on Article 53(a) and the cases are illuminating on the role ethics should play in the area of patentability. Ethics have been considered regarding the usefulness requirement that all patentable inventions must meet in both the EC and the United States. The issue is whether ethical issues render an invention useless according to statutory requirements for patentability.[61] In the United States, courts historically have been reluctant to deny patents based solely on ethical concerns[62] and consider an invention patentable so long as it has some moral use.[63] The drafters of the EPO Guidelines seem to concur in this result. The Guidelines state that a patent may be granted if an invention has both an offensive and non-offensive use.[64] The Guidelines set forth as an example a process for breaking open safes; that is a process that may be offensive if used by burglars, but which is potentially non-offensive and very useful if used by a locksmith in an emergency. [65] Imposing barriers to biotechnological patents will not prevent the advance of genetic engineering or address the ethical issues raised by scientific advancement. These issues will persist regardless of whether patents are granted.[66] Furthermore, even if the EC ignores the field of bi otechnology, its international competitors will not.[67] As the United States Supreme Court stated, The grant or denial of patents on micro-organisms is not likely to put an end to genetic research however whether claims are patentable may determine whether research efforts are accelerated by the hope of reward or slowed by want of incentives.[68] In Germany a special Commission of Inquiry on the Opportunities and Risks of Genetic Technology echoed these insights and stated that the types of criticism of genetic engineering are often simultaneously or primarily criticisms of over-arching strategies which have developed independently of genetic engineering involving basic problems of industrialization. [69] The Directive enacted by the EC because it recognizes the potential ethical concerns and the reality of scientific progress.[70] The international competitors of the EC are capitalizing on biotechnology and encouraging scientific innovation by allowing biotechnological patents t o issue under systems more lenient than the EPC. The Directive begins to address the EC gap in protection for biotechnological inventions, which are crucial to the commercial and international competitiveness of the EC, by mandating uniform legal protection. Although the scope of protection for biotechnological inventions under the EPC and the directive is limited, passage of the Directive was still a necessary step to take in narrowing the gap between the EC and its international competitors. Whether the Directive will achieve its goals remains to be seen. However, the history of the European Onco-mouse has shown that the current outlook for biotechnological innovations will remain bleak if no action is taken.The Onco-mouse currently stands alone in an area of inadequate and murky protection for biotechnology innovations. Without immediate action on the part of the Commission and member states, the EC will stand alone in its ethical debate as other nations simultaneously commerci alize biotechnology and manage ethical concerns associated with biotechnological inventions. [1] Roberto Bin, Sara Lorenzon, Nicola Lucchi, Biotech Innovations and Fundamental Rights (1st, Springer Science Business Media, 2012) 3 [2] European Patent office, Patent on Biotechnology (epo.org 2013) https://www.epo.org/news-issues/issues/biotechnology.html accessed 29 January 2015 [3] Convention on biological diversity 1992 Art. 2 [4] European Patent Convention 2000 Art. 26 (2) [5] European Patent office, Patent on Biotechnology (epo.org 2013) https://www.epo.org/news-issues/issues/biotechnology.html accessed 29 January 2015 [6] European Patent Convention 2000 Art. 53(a) [7] Ibid. Art. 53 (b) [8] Ibid. [9] European Patent Convention 2000 Art. 53 (c) [10] Ibid. Art. 52 (2) (a) [11] Ibid. Art. 52 [12] Ibid. Art. 52 (1) [13] Ibid. Art. 52 (2) [14] Ibid. Art. 53 [15] Ibid. Art. 53(b) [16] Kevin W. OConnor, Patenting Animals and Other Living Things [1991] S.CAL. L. REV 65, 597,617 [17] European Patent Office, IV, Guidelines for exa mination in the European Patent Office (1992).p 3,4, [18] Exxon, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Aluminia Spineà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  [1998] Eur. Pat. Off. Rep. p.389,391 [19] Andrew J A Parkes, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“The Significance of the European patent convention and the community patent conventionà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ , (Marry Robinson, 1999) p.51 [20] Proposal for a Council Directive on the Legal Protection of Biotechnological Inventions Approved with the Following Amendments, 1992 (C 125) 183, 183 (Amendment No. 3) [21] See infra notes 62-74, 100 and accompanying text. [22] European Patent Convention 2000 Art. 53 [23] Convention on the Unification of Certain Points of Substantive Law on Patents for Invention 1963, Art. 2(b) [24] John Hodgson, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Dutch Regulations Now in Force biotechnologyà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  (1990) p. 284 [25] International Convention for the Protection of New Varieties of Plants 1978, art. 2(1), [26] See infra note 77 and accompanying text. [27] LUBRIZOL /Hybrid plants [1990] Eur. Pat. Off. Rep. 173 (EPO); CIBAGEIGY/ Propagating material, [1985] C Eur. Pat. Off. Rep. 758 (EPO) [28] Fundamental changes in patent law have been previously sparked by court decisions, at least in the United States. See Exparte Allen, 2 U.S.P.Q.2d 1425 (PTO Bd. Pat. App. int. 1987) (genetically engineered oysters are potentially patentable, even though they are living matter); In re Bergy, 596 F.2d 952,972,976 (manmade, biologically pure culture of microorganism is patentable because it only occurs in an impure form in nature). These decisions foreshadowed the PTO announcement, although it was most immediately prompted by the ruling in Allen. See Donald 3. Quigg, Animals-Patentability, Statement of April 7, 1989, reprinted in ANIMAL PATENTS, supra note 9, at 159 (outlining the holding of Allen and the rationale behind it, as well as the scope of patentability under 35 U.S.C. 101). For a more detailed discussion of case law preceding and the PTO decision, see Bradford Chaucer, Note, Life, The Patent Office and Everything: Patentability foreshadowing of Lifeforms Created Through Bioengineering Techniques, 9 BRIDGEPORT L. REV. 413 (1988). [29]LUBRIZOJHybrid plants, [1990] Eur. Pat. Off. Rep. 173,177. (EPO) [30] CIBA-GEIGY/Propagating material, [1985] Eur. Pat. Off. Rep. Vol. C. 758, 759 [31] HARVARD/Onco-mouse, [1990] Eur. Pat. Off. Rep.4,7. [32] Ibid. [33] Ibid.; [34] IRA H. CARMEN, CLONING AND THE CONsTITbTON: AN INQUIRY INTO GOVERNMENTAL POLICYMAKING AND GENETIC EXPERIMENTATION 23, 26 (1985) [35] European Patent office, Patents on life? European law and practice for patenting biotechnological inventions (tomkins.com ) https://www.google.co.uk/url?sa=trct=jq=esrc=ssource=webcd=2ved=0CCoQFjABurl=https://www.tomkins.com/uploads/what-we-do/patenting_biotechnological_inventions.pdfei=00_KVJuIJMHR7Qa59IGgDAusg=AFQjCNGgxAV_9Nyekl73ByDXVZeUXW-6Bwbvm=bv.84607526,d.ZGUcad=rja accessed 29 January 2015 [3 6] Directive 44/EC 1998, Art 2(a) [37] Ibid. Art 2 (b) [38] Ibid. Art 2 (c) [39] Ibid. Art 2 (d) [40] Ibid. Art 5 (2) [41] Suleman Ali , The ethics of biotech patenting: a dialogue about monopolies, human dignity and the cost of medicines (https://ipkitten.blogspot.co.uk/ 2015) https://ipkitten.blogspot.co.uk/2015/01/the-ethics-of-biotech-patenting.html accessed 29 January 2015 [42] Robert P. Merges, Intellectual Property in Higher Life Forms: The Patent System and Controversial Technologies, (1988) 47 MD. L. REV. 1051, 1067-68 [43] See Bent, supra note 69, at 7; Debates, supra note 50, at 18 (right of prohibition only). [44] 148. See BIOTECHNOLOGY GLOBAL, supra note 2, at 203-04; Bent, supra note 69, at 7-8; Merges, supra note 146, at 1067-68. [45] 149. Debates, supra note 50, at 18. Rapporteur Rothley stated that: [46] Gene-Altered Food Called Safe, Facts on File World News Digest, (www.lexisnexis.co.uk/ 1992,) accessed 29 January 2015 [47] Molly ONeill, Geneticists, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢Latest Discovery: Public Fear of Frankenfood, N.Y. TIMESà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ (1992) [48] 152. See generally Cantley, supra note 112, at 14-15 [49] (1991) 59 U. Mo. Kan. City L. Rev. 409,410; (1989) 42 OKLA. L. REV. 131 [50] Alex Barnum, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Biotech Labs Enraged by Bid to Patent Human Genesà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ , S.F. CHRON. (1991) [51] Rote Taube (Red Dove), 1 Int. Rev. of Indus. Prop. Copyright. (IIC) 136 (1970) [52] 156. See Straus, supra note 4, at 17-18. [53] 157. See generally id at 17-18 (indicating public concern about patenting higher organisms stems from the novelty of genetic engineering and a general lack of understanding of how the patent system functions). [54] (1987) 2 U.S.P.Q.2d 1425 [55] 159. See Manspeizer, supra note 9, at 418-19; Merges, supra note 146, at 1052. [56] 160. See Merges, supra note 146, at 1052. [57] 161. See supra notes 68-70 and accompanyin g text (discussing legislative activity following the grant of the Onco-mouse patent). [58] EPO Guidelines, IV, 3.1. [59] Ibid. [60] Harvard/Onco-mouse, (1990) Eur. Pat. Off. Rep. 4, 11. [61] See Merges, supra note 146, at 1062-63 [62] (1977) 200 U.S.P.Q. 801, 802;Fuller v. Berger, 120 F. 274,275-76 (7th Cir. 1903);Lowell v. Lewis 15 F. Cas. 1018,1019 (C.C.D. Mass. 1817) [63] Klein v. Russell, 86 U.S. 433, 467 (1873) [64] EPO Guidelines, IV, 3.3 [65] Ibid. [66] 181.COOK Er. AL, supra note 2,at 120. [67] 182. See supra notes 51-59 and accompanying text. [68] Chakrabarty, 447 U.S. at 317. [69] BIOTECHNOLOGY IN FUTURE SOCIETY: SCENARIOS AND OPTIONS FOR EUROPE 117, 123 (Edward Yoxen Vittorio Di Martino eds., 1989). [70] [TM1]Add reference [TM2]Refer [TM3]ref [TM4]ref

An Analysis of Freedom Riders The Documentary by Stanley...

Stanley Nelson chronicles the journey of a group of individuals, known as the Freedom Riders, whom fought for the rights of African Americans to have the same amenities and access as the Caucasians. The purpose of the Freedom Rides was to deliberately violate the Jim Crow laws of the south that prohibited blacks and whites from mixing together on buses and trains. Expectedly, many of the Freedom Riders were beaten and the majority was imprisoned. This carried on for the majority of 1961 and culminated with the Interstate Commerce Commission issuing an order to end the segregation in bus and rail stations. Nelson encapsulates this entire movement in about two hours. At the end of the two hours, the viewer is emotionally tied to the†¦show more content†¦It gives us one of the many messages the movement gave us, which is that the strength of a movement lays within the determination of the people. It is immediately conveyed when the shot began with Rep. Lewis’ words â₠¬Å"and that nothing, but nothing, was going to stop this movement.† Nelson slowly backs out of the shot to reveal more members of the Freedom Riders as the music intensifies. This reveals the gradual increase of participation in the Freedom Rides. The shot began with just one white person and Nelson is conveying the small number of whites that participated in the beginning. As the shot expands, more white people are included proportionately to the blacks (more blacks than whites). While the shot is backing out, Nelson randomly replaces one Rider with another. I believe that he is suggesting while each rider was autonomous, they were all one. As one, they all share the collective goal of ultimately destroying segregation. The music that is playing in the background lends incredible support to the shot. Nelson is trying to create a sense of understanding of what these individuals endured while at the same time creating a sense of optimism that the hardships the Freedom Riders en dured would not be in vein. The collection of Riders fades, as the music continues to play, to a newspaper heading that reads â€Å"ICC Forbids Bus station Segregation.† Quickly, it fades to another headline that reads â€Å"Bus Terminals Told to Mix Up or Close Up† as historian Raymond

A Reluctant Product of Therapy free essay sample

Like many pediatricians and other adults who spend most of their time around children, she used false enthusiasm to cover up her other emotions. And also like many other adults who make spending time with children their jobs, she lived under the assumption that children were unable to see through this falsehood, and that children would somehow find this enthusiasm entertaining, or comforting, or relatable. But every time she smiled at me, the skin on her face bunching up under her cheeks and forehead to make room for her unnaturally large grin, I would cry. Because instead of her smile being reassuring, it confirmed to me that something was wrong. Not only that something was wrong, but that something was wrong with me. Her name was Ann, and she was one of my physical therapists. For three or four one-month spouts between the ages of three and twelve, my mother dragged me to her twice a week to undergo some new-wave quack therapy called Tomatis, a treatment in which I wore enormous headphones and listened to high-pitched opera music for hours on end, which, the doctor claimed, was supposed to cure everything from ADD to depression. We will write a custom essay sample on A Reluctant Product of Therapy or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page At times I have convinced myself that all the time I spent with Ann was pointless. She was a board-certified torturer. And who was I for living through this? I was the glorious survivor, who was able to outlast her condescension and her misreading of my abilities, and through a philosophy of self-reliance and emotional fortitude, let my suppressed intelligence and charm blossom! It was, at least, easier to believe this. However, I have come to realize going through therapy as a child increased my success in social and academic spheres as an adult. I have to admit now that as a child I was slow to learn to read. I remember sitting in my 1st grade classroom with my paper reading exercise book, which had shorter words than everybody else’s, stumbling through â€Å"The Cat and the Mat†. My mild cerebral palsy was also something visible; I have home videos of me running like a duck on the soccer field, my right foot making a ninety-degree angle outward with each step. Perha ps I was just a late-bloomer for reading, and my cerebral palsy magically disappeared when I matured. But more likely, it was the many hours I spent in therapy that propelled me to be a good student, if not an exceptional athlete, as a young adult. My physical therapist, Skippy forced me to my physical limits on the treadmill, even though my limit might have been fifteen minutes on the lowest speed. I learned to take sports, and many other aspects of my life, seriously, not covering them up with shoulder shrugs and sarcastic jokes. My reading tutor Erin nurtured me to love reading, putting an MM on the bottom of every page I read correctly. The pleasure of candied bribery turned into actual enjoyment as I was able to move up from such boring books as â€Å"The Cat and the Mat† into riveting classics such as Harriet the Spy. Now reading has not only turned into one of my favorite free-time pleasures, but is also one of my major academic strengths; being able to read well and u nderstand words has allowed me to write good research papers for history and to understand complex concepts in my biology textbook. Even Ann, while I was listening to that terrible music, engaged me in games of Scrabble Jr. and checkers, fostering my competitiveness and love for solving puzzles. Therapy is a gift I have learned to appreciate; many of the things I consider part of my unique trademark – my love of reading, my love of puzzles, my frankness and sincerity learned in defiance to the tyranny of fake smiles – were a result of therapy. Therapy made me who I am.

 No Christian should ever have an abortion Essay Example

  No Christian should ever have an abortion Essay This statement is very controversial people can believe it completely or can have doubts. It all depends on which branch of Christianity you are a part of. The Roman Catholic Church is the firmest believer in this statement. They do not consider abortion any different from infanticide when a parent murders their child. They believe that abortion is a very serious crime, and that it should be punished by law. Because of this firm standing against abortion, it is not unusual for a catholic family to have lots of children. They believe that, no matter the circumstances, the pregnancy should be seen through. If you are a Roman Catholic, then you are supposed to believe that abortion should be punished by law. The United States Methodists are a little more lenient on the subject. They also consider abortion a very serious matter, but stop short on saying that it should be punished by law. They simply say that it is a very serious crime. They do not allow abortions, but they do not think it suitable to punish anybody who participates in any part of an abortion. By saying that abortion is a sin, they hope that the person concerned will feel guilty and will not go ahead with the abortion. We will write a custom essay sample on   No Christian should ever have an abortion specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on   No Christian should ever have an abortion specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on   No Christian should ever have an abortion specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer The Church of England are undecided about this subject. No church could possibly say that abortion is a good thing. The Church of England says that abortion is a sin. However, they do acknowledge the fact that there may be times when an abortion may be the best option (in the event of rape). They agree that abortion is a sin, as it is killing a human being, but they also say that to withdraw compassion is also a sin, so both sides of the argument should be considered. The UK Methodists point of view is very similar to that of the Church of Englands. They realise that the feelings of the mother of the unborn child must be considered. They consider abortion an evil, but say that sometimes it is the lesser of two evils. They also make the valid point of saying that it is best for abortion to remain legal and controlled, rather than it being illegalised again and women resorting to back-street abortions, where the process is a danger to the health of the mother. My personal opinion is that abortion should remain legal. I agree with the statement from the UK Methodists, that it is better for it to remain legal and controlled, rather than being made illegal and therefore unsafe. I dont think that anybody could really agree with abortion. Whichever way you look at it, you are killing an unborn child. However, I think that there are some times when abortion may be necessary. For instance, if a woman is raped and it results in a pregnancy, there is no way that she would want to keep the baby. I think in cases such as these, abortion may be necessary. However, if a woman finds herself pregnant unexpectedly and she has not used contraceptives, then I think that she should be made to see out the pregnancy, as it is her fault that she has fallen pregnant. There are always two sides to every argument. There may be some Roman Catholics who, because of their religion, are made to firmly disagree with abortion, but personally, they do not think that it is as great a sin as the church says it is. They may find themselves in a dilemma, being pulled one way by the church, and another by their own opinions. I do not think that just because you belong to a certain branch of Christianity, that you should have the same beliefs about everything as your church. By all means, listen to what your church has to say on the issue, and listen to other peoples points of view. This will help you to form an opinion of your own, not that of your church or of other people.

Aesthetic Music Education and the Influence of Bennett Reimer Essays

Aesthetic Music Education and the Influence of Bennett Reimer Essays Aesthetic Music Education and the Influence of Bennett Reimer Paper Aesthetic Music Education and the Influence of Bennett Reimer Paper An explicit concept since the late 1950s, aesthetic education first developed to provide a strong philosophical foundation for music education and continues to evolve as a solid theoretical orientation for current effective practices. Bennett Reimer has contributed much to the discussion and development of the value of aesthetic education for the teaching and learning of music. Others in music education also support and promote these ideals and focus on developing an improved understanding for music educators. Some scholars oppose the principles of an aesthetic education, recently demonstrated by David Elliott who favors a praxial philosophy of music education centered on musical performance. The work of Reimer shows an influence of these thinkers and illustrates the essential benefits of a professional emphasis on aesthetics, the branch of philosophy especially devoted to studying the value of the arts. With guidance from aesthetics, music educators better understand the value of music and its fundamental role within the school curriculum. With its introduction, aesthetic education provided an understanding of authentic fundamental characteristics of music not previously discussed and encouraged an articulation of those ideas into relevant objectives for teaching and learning. The appearance of Basic Concepts in Music Education (ed. Nelson B. Henry, 1958) and the college text Foundations and Principles of Music Education (Charles Leonard and Robert W. House, 1959) promoted the acceptance of an aesthetic-based philosophy as a guiding theoretical foundation. These significant resources encouraged individuals to put their previous intuitions into effective practice using a shared, progressive concept of musical experience and learning. Many music educators embraced aesthetic education (and continue to do so) because it reinforced the validity of music study in the school curriculum for reasons intrinsic to the art itself. Reimer emphasizes that we (as music educators) need not establish discipleship to one particular person or point of view of aesthetic education. The ideal of Music Education as Aesthetic Education (MEAE) does not exist as a particular collection of fixed certainties; it supports the attitude that philosophical truths develop and transform as we advance and verify new ideas. Many sources (books, journals, articles, etc. ) provide the insight of professional scholars on the fundamental values of music supporting the aesthetic approach. The music educator who commits to MEAE must seek this knowledge to understand the art of music beyond his or her own instincts. Only with that awareness can the teacher adequately portray a genuine representation of the artistic values of music to students. Reimer describes aesthetic education as the development of a sensitivity to the aesthetic qualities of things. He consciously avoids using the term definition yet provides a much-appreciated explanation that achieves that function. Reimer further illustrates that MEAE should encourage our ability to perceive and respond to conditions of musical relationships (e. g. tension-release, expectation-deviation) in perceptible objects and events. Musical works may possess various qualities (such as functional ones), but the primary significance of music should lie in its aesthetic value. If we abandon this unique characterization of music and emphasize its societal role, we risk degrading ourselves as well as our work. As teachers, we mediate the interactions between our students and aesthetic objects and should seek to improve these relationships with different experiences. Yet, we must first ensure that students have the ability to perceive expressive conditions as well as the ability to respond to them. Reimer distinguishes that effective MEAE cultivates a persons ability to yield meanings from (a work of arts) structures of interrelated sounds and to transform words, images, ideas, emotions, and any other socially shared human values by incorporating them as meaningful aspects of musical structure?. Abraham Schwadron also promotes this perception of feeling in music, pioneered by Susanne Langer. He asserts that formal education should address structural approaches to describing responses to music and not the emotive states that may result. That is, teachers should use elements of music to explain qualities of feeling (suspense, deception, resolution, etc. ) and not teach music as the translation of sound into emotion by the composer or the performer (i. e. , how does this music make you feel? ). MEAE should consider extra-musical descriptions, however, when those factors influence the understanding of a particular piece of music or musical process. Once we have created the potential for our students to recognize aesthetic qualities, we must encourage their ability to perceive and respond to those experiences. Teachers must present a variety of musical items and events to develop this aural aptitude. They must also guide the relationship between the student and the aesthetic object as each learner produces, conceptualizes, analyzes and evaluates music. In 1972, this philosophy led Reimer to emphasize the necessity of a unified curriculum in the arts and advocate curriculum development in music education. We observe this influence, years later, in the music section of the National Standards for Arts Education, published in 1994. These (relatively) recent standards, which Reimer helped developed, promote an expansion of the music curriculum and encourage a comprehensive approach to music instruction, which incorporates many characteristics of MEAE. Even with this concept of an inclusive aesthetic education, performance remains the primary curricular activity with which we attempt to realize our goals, especially at the secondary level. This myopic approach neglects other ways that people experience music (e. g. , listening, composing) and often emphasizes skill development over musical understanding. Bennett Reimer declares that, Our past and present mentality about music, so dominated by the performance model, is now beginning to be out of phase with the realities of our art. He offers that we can learn much from the Discipline-Based Art Education movement that recognizes that multi-dimensional curriculum guidelines (which include aspects of history, criticism, and analysis) enhance aesthetic experiencing. Embracing the ideals of MEAE means accepting that all students, not just a small percentage of gifted ones, should have access to the aesthetic qualities of music. By cultivating enjoyment in the majority of students (about 85 percent, Reimer implies) who choose not to perform, we also augment our authentic presence in the school environment. To achieve our aesthetic intentions, a transformation must occur that creates three aspects of a comprehensive music curriculum: the required general music program, the elective performance program and the elective composition program. These components would more accurately represent the three key functions involved in Western music: listening, performing and composing. A complete program of music, aligned with the fundamentals of MEAE, would use performance and composition to enrich the universal musical activity of listening emphasized by the comprehensive general music program.

HRIS Vendor Analysis Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

HRIS Vendor Analysis - Research Paper Example 2 The third company profiled was Atlas Business Solutions. They carry the following products: Staff Files 5.0, Visual Staff Scheduler PRO, Schedule Anywhere.com, Customer Appointment Manager, Ultimate Business Planner, Ultimate Financial Forecaster. No available information was posted in their website regarding their services. 3 The fourth company profiled was Ascentis Corporation. They carry the following products: HROffice. HROffice Employee Self-Service, Alerts, Staffing Solutions-Applicant Manager, Payroll Connect, and HROfficeASP. They also offer the following services: Carrier Connect, Employee Tracking Software-Staffing Solutions, and Business Intelligence Services. 4 The fifth company profiled was Spectrum Human Resource Systems Corporation. The company carry the following products iVantage, HRVantage, and Small Business Offerings. No available information was posted in their website regarding their services.5 The goal of every company or organization is to be responsive and profitable to the environment where they belong. Whether it is within or outside them, companies or organizations should be well organized in dealing with their human resources before they could successfully market any product or services. Human resources serves as the company's frontline, thus human resources are very crucial factor for any product or service performance in the market. The overall impression for the vendors and their products is that every vendor carries relevant HRIS software with almost similar features, they may be bundled or modularized. The advantage for bundled HRIS software is that you could maximize the use all the features that you need for an HRIS software as soon as possible but have bigger one time expense or cost. However, smaller companies may prefer modularized HRIS software to gradually achieve their needed HRIS software features commensurate to their economic and financial capabilities at a given time. Products of HRIS vendors I, II, III, IV, V are somewhat similar in their features, only which the product packaging varies. Services of vendors I and IV are almost similar in features and supports well their respective companies' product and third party products. These products regardless of the vendor company who developed them definitely help the organization to create a competitive advantage by being practical, cost-effective, informative, efficient, on time. However, there are differences in packaging, user interface design, and the technology that are being utilized. In planning to purchase an HRIS software system, one has to consider most is the availability if product support and product interfacing. Other features like

Scenario Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Scenario - Essay Example Nowadays, the sight of different non-governmental organizations actively participating in the community is a normal scenario. They become active members of the community as a means of generating change. The government, on the other hand, has its own plans on eliminating the different quandaries faced by the community. This is a way of fostering social responsibility. However, with the rise of individualism, man, who is a social being, diverts from the calling of his fellowmen. Thus, social responsibility is now in question. The clich statement, "no man is an island", greatly describes the need of man for others. Man is significantly affected by others' thoughts, feelings and behaviors whether or not others are present. It simply indicates that man is prone to social influence and can be manipulated by social situations. Therefore, man cannot separate himself from others since every thought, feeling, and action elicited by others, has a large impact on his very existence. The community is dealing with different predicaments, from poverty, political issues, diminishing values etc. The government acts as its chief protector against these problems. Poverty, which is said to be mostly the root cause of other problems, is dealt by the government by aiding the poor children in public schools with free breakfast.

Performance Enhancing Drugs Should Be Legalized Essay Example for Free

Performance Enhancing Drugs Should Be Legalized Essay The illegal use of anabolic steroids by professional athletes is often a hot button topic in the news. Steroids were banned due to the negative side effects associated with its use. Despite the ban, many athletes are suspected of illicit steroid use to enhance their performance. There is great cost associated with random testing to determine if such athletes use steroids. Anne Whitaker and Rosalyn Carson-Dewitt, in the article, â€Å"Point: Performance Enhancing Drugs Should Be Legalized†, make a somewhat effective argument as to why it should be legalized. This article provides an argument for the legalization of anabolic steroid use by athletes. The authors parallel the use of cosmetic surgery and unhealthy diet regimens by models and actresses and the use of steroids by professional athletes to stay at the top of their games. The authors provide factual information regarding steroids and the effects its use has on the body, followed by their opinion as to how legalization would benefit not only the sports world, but also society as a whole. Whitaker and Carson-Dewitt provide a number of facts regarding the characteristics of steroids, the effects of their use, and the history of its illegalization. They describe different methods for use: cycling (on and off use of a particular dose), stacking (taking multiple steroids simultaneously), and pyramiding (increasing and decreasing the dosage over time) (Whitaker and Carson-Dewitt, 2011). The authors go on to describe the physical effects of steroid use such as organ damage, stroke, cancer and high blood pressure (Whitaker and Carson-Dewitt, 2011). The authors then provide a timeline as to the banning of steroid use in various professional sports organizations followed by a national ban. It is the opinion of Carson-Dewitt and Whitaker that steroids should be legalized. They opined that legalization would have manifold benefits: increased safety and regulation of steroid use, decreased access and use of steroids by teenaged children; and reduction in the costs associated with testing. While, on the surface, these opinions seem to be logical, the arguments are not all supported by facts. The claim that legalization of steroids would reduce its use by teenagers, simply because they would be prescribed by doctors, is baseless. Teenagers would likely continue to access steroids through the same methods currently used. The cost of testing may or may not be reduced as regulation would still limit the amount of steroids to be safely used. Testing would still occur to verify that legal safe limits were observed. The factual information contained in the article is sufficient to provide a perspective from which to understand the authors’ argument. The authors fail, however to provide factual information to support their claims. This results in an argument that sounds plausible on the surface, but falls flat with any amount of critical thinking. For this reason, I believe the authors failed to make a compelling argument. References Carson-Dewitt, Rosalyn, and Whitaker, Ann. â€Å"Point: Performance Enhancing Drugs Should Be Legalized.† By: Points of View: Steroids, 2011.

Importance of the Trial in To Kill a Mockingbird Essay -- Kill Mocking

Importance of the Trial in To Kill a Mockingbird      Ã‚   The trial of Tom Robinson is central to our understanding of racial and social prejudice in Maycomb. Harper Lee uses Tom Robinson's 'crime' to bring tensions in the town to a head and the author uses the trial as a way of making the ideas behind such tensions explicit for the reader.    The two people involved in the so-called crime, Tom Robinson and Mayella Ewell, are at the very bottom of Maycomb society. Tom is black and Mayella one of the poorest of the poor whites. However, neither of them fits into the stereotypes held by the people of Maycomb. Tom is honest, hardworking and dependable, as Mr Link Deas's shouted testimony and his demeanour in court demonstrate. Mayella is a member of the poorest and most shiftless families in the town yet she looks after her brothers and sisters, keeps herself clean and tends to her geraniums in the most difficult of circumstances. It is clear that before the alleged rape a sort of friendship had grown up between Tom and Mayella.    Tom Robinson was probably the only person who was decent to (Mayella).    Unfortunately the ideas about race and society held at the time meant that contact between them could never be anything other than distant and respectful (quite apart from the fact that Tom was married anyway). But Mayella's yearning for some form of close human contact emerges during the trial. She had saved for almost a year to have enough nickels to give her brothers and sisters a treat in order to have her house empty when she invited Tom inside. When she made her advance to Tom he was caught by his inability to hit a white woman and the extreme taboo that Maycomb placed on any form of... ...arrated by Scout is that her childish understanding is free of adult prejudice and expectations. She and Jem measure the proceedings against simple child-like ideas of truth and justice and find them grossly wanting. On the other hand Jem is an expert on court behaviour from watching her father on other occasions so she is able to give an insightful account into most aspects of the trial.    The Tom Robinson case shows the ugliness of both racial and social prejudice. Ultimately the jurors choose to vote along racial lines without regard for truth or justice. Mayella and Tom are both victims of Maycomb's prejudice but only Tom has to pay.    Works Cited Jones, Carolyn. "Atticus Finch and the Mad Dog." The Southern Quarterly Summer 1996: 56-63. Lee, Harper. To Kill a Mockingbird. New York City, NY:   J.B.Lippincott Company, 1990.   

Poverty is a state of mind Essay

Even though some people make millions, poverty is still a problem in today’s society. There is an increasing gap between the wealthiest and the poorest people. This is also a problem in Britain. But is poverty really a state of mind? That is the controversial statement made by freelance writer Bernard Hare who in an essay from 2012 writes about his childhood in poverty in a mining family in Leeds. As an adult, he experiences a different kind of poverty. Bernard Hare was born in 1958 into a poor mining family in Leeds, but he never felt the poverty as a child. His explanation for this is that their house was warm, the neighbors were welcoming, and that he spent a lot of time with his grandmother who lived across the street. Because he did not want to end up in poverty like his parents and also after being encouraged by his grandmother, he got into grammar school and later college. He started to get into fights at stadiums because he supported the football club, Leeds United. He was also arrested on more than one occasion. When Hare got to college, he started to drink and smoke. But he turned it around and became a successful social worker in London until he also had to provide for his father due to mining strikes. After that it all went downhill for Hare. He took drugs, drank, and sold drugs and stolen items. This changed in 1995 when he met the Shed Crew who was a group of 10 to 14 year olds living in an old shed in Hare’s old neighborhood. It put things in perspective and in 1997 he decided to become a writer because he wanted to tell the world the story about the Shed Crew. The final product was a memoir called Urban Grimshaw and the Shed Crew. Hare uses contrasts in this essay to get his point across. First of all, there is the contrast between his childhood life and his adult life and the differences between the two kinds of poverty he has experienced. Secondly, there is the contrast between the poverty he lived in as a child and the poverty he sees with the Shed Crew. Bernard Hare has lived in poverty for the most of his life, but it has been two kinds of poverty. As a child he lived in absolute poverty where there was not always food at the end of the week. His parents drank and smoked occasionally but according to himself he had a good childhood anyway. He was loved and cared for even though the means were limited. However as a young adult, he went down the wrong path which included drugs, drinking, and criminal behavior. There he experienced a different kind of poverty. In a  way, he chose to be poor. As he also says so himself, he was capable of making good money but he chose the criminal way of life. You can take the boy out of poverty, but you can’t take poverty out of the boy. (P 3 ll. 163-164) As previously said, Hare was loved as a child even though they were poor. That is the biggest difference between Hare†™s childhood and the Shed Crew’s childhood. The Shed Crew had nobody to care for them, and they had been let down by society. Nobody is there to take care of them and to make sure that they will get a decent childhood. He uses his own experiences to shed light on how horrible the Shed Crew’s childhood has been. Hare was poor in terms of money but was rich on love and supporting company – mostly from his grandmother. However, the Shed Crew is poor both in terms of money, but they are also lacking love and support from responsible adults. They are lacking both in the spiritual and the materialistic way whereas Hare’s childhood was safe and good. Throughout the entire essay, Hare uses a lot of pathos in this essay while reflecting on his life story. He shares little, happy anecdotes from his childhood which are written in a humorous way, and he tries to create a mental picture of his childhood. As the years go by, the stories get darker and darker. There is not as much humor in his teenage and adult stories as there is in the childhood stories. This shows that the childish ignorance has disappeared from his mind and that he is now more aware of what is going on around him. Hare also writes that sometimes the decisions you make can effect whether or not you end up in poverty and more importantly how sometimes your choices in life can prevent you from getting out of poverty. For instance, Hare’s grandmother, who was teetotal, said this to him because his parents drank and smoked. â€Å"You’ll never have any money if you drink or smoke† (†¦) I was becoming aware that there might be a self-inflicted element to some people’s poverty. (P 2 ll. 93-94, ll. 98-100) Is poverty really just a state of mind? The state of mind of the person in question might be a contributing factor to whether or not that person is in poverty. However, to say that it is exclusively the state of mind is an exaggeration. There are a lot of contributing elements to why people are poor and the mindset of the person could be an important factor. In some cases it is and in other cases it’s just a matter of not having enough money to live. At least, it was a question of a state of mind for Bernard Hare.

The Stagecoach Non Verbal Communications And Social Classes

The Stagecoach: Non-verbal Communications and Social Classes The Stagecoach, a critically acclaimed film, which followed the adventures of a group of unlikely and unfortunate passengers escaping from the brutality of Geronimo’s Apache warriors, established the precedent of the classic Western movie, containing crucial Western archetypical elements such as Ringo the Kid that has not hardly changed today. Furthermore, Stagecoach espoused social issues of the time by including passengers of varied social status and standing and emphasizing on such interactions that cross the rigidly defined and impermeable social divides at the time. The iconic movie was produced during the transition between silent films and films with spoken dialogue, and the remnants of the former film style are conspicuous throughout the film. Although explicit and spoken plot was crucial for the storyline, non-verbal communication offered implicit cues to attentive audience members. Moreover, the fact that t he passengers were representatives of different social standings further amplified such non-verbal communication and cues. While the film Stagecoach established the quintessential Western movie, the film also underscored the importance of non-verbal communication in the genesis of the spoken dialogue era and emphasized the interactions between rigid social classes in a seemingly disordered environment that is the Western frontier. In Stagecoach, non-verbal communication complements the spoken dialogueShow MoreRelatedBrand Building Blocks96400 Words   |  386 Pagesadvantages - in part because the cost of the brand management team, sales force, and advertising is lower and can be spread over hundreds of product classes and in part because of logistical advantages. The result is more price pressure. Sales promotion is both a driver and an indicator of the price focus. In the 1950s, about 10 percent of the communication mix was devoted to price promotions. Those were the days when distribution was simple, retailers were concerned with building new stores rather